Gorbachev's Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gorbachev's Reforms - Essay Example Through these structural reforms which were meant to broaden the opportunities for the popular movements and the political parties so as to gain influence, Gorbachev made it easy for the orthodox communists, populist forces and nationalist to go against his wishes and oppose his efforts to revitalize and liberalize the soviet communist. This led to different opinions with some advocating for the liberalizing of the Soviet Union, others wanted the republics to be independent while the rest demanded for the restoration of old ways of the soviet union. These forces from below, top and sideways could not be compromised by Gorbachev leading to the consequent fall the Soviet Union.1 Between the year 1969 and 82 is when the reforms for Soviet Union stalled but generational shift introduced these demand s for the reform. There was change on the relations with the US after Reagan was elected and was against the Soviet Union and further termed it as the evil empire and his initiative to build a strong defense system (star wars) which the Soviet Union could not compete with. The public was not satisfied with the Moscow government because of the war in Afghanistan and the Chernobyl catastrophe gave the Glasnost and Perestroika which were introduced by Gorbachev gain momentum but eventually led to fall of the Soviet Union.2 After many years of stagnation new thinking younger communists emerged and after the death of Chernekno Konstantin made is ease the elected general secretary rise to leadership. Though he was relatively young he introduced a new momentum that advocated for economic and political liberation with better trade relation with the west. By 1866 when Gorbachev was introducing the Glasnost and Perestroika programs, the union was already suffering from supply shortages and inflation due to black market practiced by official economy. The state subsidies and cost of superpower were not proportional to the economy of the soviet and the union was craving for the unmatched western technology.3 One of the radical economic reforms was put in place in May 1988, the cooperative law that allowed the private ownership of manufacturing, retailing and al l other business including the foreign business and this became the soviet scene. A conference convened in 1987 by an economist who was as adviser to Gorbachev concluded that political openness was essential to pressure those who were opposing his economic reforms, the conservatives, to support his initiatives. This resulted to increased freedom of press and speech, many political prisoners were released, and public opinion polls could be conducted without restriction. The government records became accessible and gender studies were introduced. Gorbachev introduced democratization which came had in had with multi party elections in January 1988 in the Soviet Union. This was followed by the CPSU's 19th party conference that reduced the ruling party's control of the government. A legislative body (congress of people's deputies) was approved in December 1988 and the elections to that congress were held the following year in March-April. The first president of the Soviet Union was Gorbachev who was elected on 15th of March 1990. Flow of uncontrollable events made it inevitable to dissolve the Soviet Union despite efforts to by Gorbachev to meet his promises as

Shame on Trump or Shame on You?

Shame on Trump or Shame on You? There has been to this day, forty-five Presidents come into office. All of whom have signed several executive orders while being in office, but our newly President, President Trump has already taken a step no other President has taken so quickly after moving into the White House. On January 27, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order that is being known as the immigration ban. Putting an indefinite ban on immigration from seven different Muslim countries including; Iraq, Iran, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Libya and Yemen. Not allowing any refugees to enter the United States for 120 days and no Syrian refugees until further notice. Some are praising President Trump for his actions, others are despising him for it, but he is the commander in chief so why not just keep your opinion to yourself? People often are getting paid to put their opinions all over the internet to persuade people to agree with their argument or simply just prove why they believe they are right. Some articles on the internet are more opinionated than others, others are more credible, some are more persuasive. There are many criterias for evaluating, say, an article online, such as the language the writer uses, the writers background, the background on the website the article has been posted on, choices of images within the article, title of article, time the article was posted, how much the writer considers both sides of the argument and if the online article has different links attached to support their claims is another way to become credible. All the criteria listed previously are ways Michael A. Cohen, a main contributor for the newspaper, The Boston Globe on national politics and foreign affairs (Cohen, 2017) makes it easy to interpret his highly opinionated but very truthful and credible article posted about his negative opinions and bias thoughts on President Trumps actions of his executive order. The first thing you evaluate when you glimpse at this article are the two things in bold and big; the title, Trumps immigration order Shame on you, Mr. President and picture, a large group of people chanting and yelling while holding up signs reading REFUGEES WELCOME and SHAME ON TRUMP. Both immediate signs indicate to the reader that the following article will be in almost every way against Trumps immigration ban. The title uses charged language, such as the words Shame on you, those words are not typical words an author uses in their title unless their feelings towards it is trying to be made very clear, and in this case, it is because this makes it known instantly that (Cohen) is upset with Trumps decisions. Cohen also distinctly chose a picture of protesting people who are against the ban to simply show that he is not alone and has many supporters when believing that the order is wrong and goes against every American way. Before you start evaluating the article itself, it is important to find out how credible the author is. Michael A. Cohen contributes to The Boston Globe newspaper but he is also an author of a book on pivotal moments in American History called American Maelstrom: The 1968 Election and the Politics of Division. He has been employed as a speechwriter at the US State Department, as well as a lecturer at Columbia Universitys School of International and Public Affairs (Cohen, 2017). Since he has previously been a lecturer at a University, he must have a degree of some sort in world affairs or anything belong to that category, also because of him being an author over a novel on American Affairs and moments in American History adds to his credibility. Therefore, Cohen must know what he is talking about when it comes to politics and national issues because of all the things he has been doing in that field all his professional career. On top of all of that, Cohen has 44.5 thousand followers o n twitter and over 81.2 thousand  tweets. He has a lot of followers so therefore meaning people listen to him and believe him in what he has to say on any kind of topic which also adds to his reputation. Michael A. Cohen is a contributor to the newspaper, The Boston Globe. The Boston Globe has been Boston, Massachusetts primary newspaper for over 100 years. The newspaper has had many different contributors for them, with most of them being experts in their fields and what they write about within the newspaper. They include all different varieties of articles from politics, to sports, to kitchen, etc. It is a larger newspaper so therefore they are aware their reputation is on the line because more people will be reading their articles which in tales that they only hire credible and trustworthy authors who make them look good in the publics eye. First off, when you read this article the first thing that strikes the reader is the word choice Cohen uses throughout the article. He uses very charged language such as fundamentally un-American, slap in the face, Shame on you, pointless and wrong (Cohen M. A., 2017), all negative references towards the immigration ban. He uses such strong language because of how strongly he feels towards Trumps decision to ban immigrants. He states many things about immigrants and how Syrian immigrants are probably the least likely to harm Americans, and the countries that include all of the refugees who have harmed Americans in terrorist attacks are not part of the ban because Trump has business relations with all of those countries but none with the seven countries he banned immigrants from, which is considered to be strange according to Cohen. Cohen calls it fundamentally un-American because it turns against all the American values and slaps the faces of millions who are familiar with the Americ an and immigrant experience. Later at the end of the article, Cohen expresses Trumps immigration order is pointless, counter-productive, and  wrong. Period. (Cohen M. A., 2017) More charged language from Cohen out of anger towards the order because of his past and family history that led him to be in America in the first place. Cohen adds an important story about his ancestors to the article to express the importance of immigrants and allowing people to make their way into this great country. He includes how his mother was born in Great Britain but came to America as a child because her parents were German Jews who escaped from Nazi Germany into the UK where they luckily were basically given a second chance by escaping Germany then eventually migrating to America unlike the rest of his grandmother and grandfathers siblings and family members at the time who were trying to migrate to a new place and had a very difficult time doing so (Cohen M. A., 2017) . He uses this personal story to appeal the readers emotions by trying to reach out to not only people who agree with him, but to people who may be uncertain on how to feel about the order. He explains how without immigration his life would not even be possible right now. His ancestors came to America, the land of the free, looking for a better life and they were able to find it and start a life, have a son (Cohen) and allow him to have a life he may not have been able to have somewhere where they started, but now that is not a guaranteed possibility anymore and it causes pain to those refugees who got that opportunity because other will not and may not. Furthermore, this article is a very biased source for more reasons than just its choice of words. The fact that Cohen does not even consider being a little bit neutral shows that it is a very biased source. Never once does Cohen mention a reasoning as to why he believes Trumps order may be okay or why other Americans may support the order. He makes very clear within his article, Shame on you, President Trump. And shame on any American who refuses to condemn this. (Cohen M. A., 2017). Instantly, he makes it clear that if you, for some reason support the immigration ban then shame on you because you must be just as un-American as Trump has been for setting the ban in the first place. He shows no empathy for those who support it because the article is completely one-sided towards being against the executive order which is a kind of article that preaches to the choir, whose message speaks to mostly people who already agree with them and whos not exactly trying to persuade anyone to think their way by being considerate to both sides, but just degrading the side against Cohens opinion in this case. To add to the previous points, to make his article more credible, Cohen adds links throughout the article to support his claims he is making. When Cohen is stating how not one Syrian refugee has committed a terrorist attack on the United States, and how you are more likely to be struck by lightning or shot by a toddler rather than a refugee, he adds a link of a chart that a European Media Director on Human rights and world conflict who has over 65.5 thousand followers on twitter, tweeted, showing the death causes of Americans annually, and it clearly showing that other Americans and unusual things are killing more Americans than any kind of immigrants coming into the United States. (Stroehlein, 2017) Also, another way Cohen does this is when he claims that the countries who have committed terrorists attacks on the U.S. but who were not banned are all in business with Trump, he adds a link to an article in the NY Daily News that shows and states each country who is a business partner of President Trumps but did in fact have a role in some sort of terrorist attack on the United States, yet still is not on the list of the immigration ban, (Sommerfeldt, 2017) which does not seem to add up the most according to Cohen. Lastly, Cohens article was released just two days after the executive order was announced to the public. Which can go either way, it could be good because the article is so relevant, time wise, to the order so therefore meaning they are not just getting things from his past and using it against him; all the news and facts are all recent and accurate about Trump. Or it could be looked at as, it has only been two days since the order and people, like Cohen, still are absorbing the ban and are just ranting things out of their emotions of anger because they (Cohen) are affected by it more than the next person so therefore wanting to do all they can to express it is wrong and how terrible of a person President Trump is for doing this, which indeed makes this a very biased source in that aspect. To put it all together, Michael A. Cohen uses many different criteria to use in his article that prove his article is very biased and one-sided but also full of information and credible facts that cannot be ignored just because he is very stern with the words he chooses to use throughout his article. He uses charged language, specific images and does not mention or show remorse for the other side of the story to get his point across that he believes what President Trump is doing is wrong but with Michaels credibility, when the article was posted and the different links he uses to back up everything he claims, you should believe that what he is stating is true even if he is not being considerate towards those who have different views as him. It may be too early for Trump to be doing all of this and maybe it is just in time. Everyone is going to have their own opinion on it, and it may not be the same as the person next to you, and that is okay as well. But just because something or so meone seems inconsiderate of all sides and is very biased does not automatically mean that the source is not credible or reliable, and this article posted in The Boston Globe by Michael A. Cohen proves a very biased source can be very credible as well. References: Cohen, M. A. (2017). Staff List. Retrieved from Boston Globe: https://www.bostonglobe.com/contributors/mcohen Cohen, M. A. (2017, Janruary 29). Trumps immigration order Shame on you, Mr. President. Retrieved from The Boston Globe: https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/01/29/trump-immigration-order-shame-you-president/3WuTOdNBAOutfbzC1wIxOL/story.html Sommerfeldt, C. (2017, February 1). President Trumps Muslim ban excludes countries linked to his sprawling business empire. Retrieved from Daily News : http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/trump-muslim-ban-excludes-countries-linked-businesses-article-1.2957956?cid=bitly Stroehlein, A. (2017, January 28). How about injecting some facts into the discussion? Retrieved from Twitter: https://twitter.com/astroehlein/status/825388473649594369 Article link: https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/01/29/trump-immigration-order-shame-you-president/3WuTOdNBAOutfbzC1wIxOL/story.html

The Life Work, and Creativity of Albert Camus :: Biographies

The Life Work, and Creativity of Albert Camus "Yes, I have a country -- the French language." -Albert Camus Albert Camus was a man consumed by three images--his mother, the Mediterranean, and death. His greatest creative achievement, his writing, would center around these images, images that would be transformed into great ideas through simple and refined words. Albert Camus lived the life of the creative genius according to Howard Gardner's model of creativity. His writing has left a lasting impression on the literary world and his life has left a fascinating legacy on the notion of creativity. Childhood Albert Camus was born on November 1, 1913 in Mondovi, a village in the Algerian interior. His ancestors on his father's side arrived after the 1830 conquest of Algeria from France and his mother's side came from Spain. A certain amount of pride accompanied Camus' mixed racial descent. Yet, it was only in Algeria that Camus would ever truly belong. Mondovi was surrounded by vineyards and it was there that Camus' father, Lucien Auguste Camus, found employment. He worked on a grape farm helping in the manufacture of wine. Camus never had the chance to know his father, for he died before Camus had even reached the age of one. He was called off to war where he was fatally wounded at the Marne. Camus thus loathed bloodshed and was constantly haunted by the idea that his generation was cursed by wars. Because his mother, Catherine, spoke so little of his father, Camus knew virtually nothing of the man that he had been. The one detail that his mother did recount of his father was that he had once attended an execution, He watched the death of a mass murderer and yet afterwards he "threw himself on the bed and began to vomit" (McCarthy, 11). Camus never forgot this image and would later write against and about the death penalty. Catherine, Albert, and his older brother Lucien moved in with her family after the death of Lucien Auguste to the Algiers suburb of Belcourt in the working-class area, crowded with apartment buildings and factories. An emotional poverty reined over Albert's life in Belcourt. His grandmother, the talkative, strong-minded queen of the household, became his principle care-taker. Though Camus admired his grandmother's pride, he found her to be harsh and selfish, and he feared her. She was greatly critical of her daughter for having married a man who had died so young, leaving her alone with two children.

Discriminatory Practice Essay

Infringement of rights: not respecting an individual’s rights and not letting them practice their culture. This can lead to individuals feeling devalued and very sad, which will affect their health. An example of this say for instance in a care home it was Eid and they was not allowed to celebrate it however all the other occasions were allowed, this would make an individual feel devalued and as if their needs or wants aren’t important, like their culture isn’t important this could lead to health problems as what they enjoy in their culture has been excluded and taken away from them. Covert use of power: hidden use of power to discriminate. This can lead health and social care professionals to treat someone differently from someone else. This means that a person may not get that same level of treatment, which may jeopardise their health and well-being. One example would be when people apply for job. Although one person may have the same experience and qualificati on as the other applicants they may not be shortlisted because of their skin colour, or sexuality etc. it’s harder to prove that covert discrimination is occurring but cases are regularly reported and is still happens. In a health and social care professional setting a health care worker may not give somebody the right medication at the right time, maybe due to the colour of their skin colour or their sexuality which they strongly feel opposed to. Overt use of power: openly using power to discriminate. This will have similar outcomes to covert abuse of power. However, if a person being treated notices that they are being discriminated against, it will have a negative impact on their recovery, their mental health issue to depression and it could make a negative impact on their recovery as they may worry about what they have even done in the first place to be getting this treatment. An example of over abuse of power could be if a health care worker tells a person they are too fat to live their 50s. Another example when a colleague is paid more than you, because of their gender, even though you are doing the same job with the same qualifications. It can also be found in the different treatment one person receives compared with another when there should be no difference at all. Prejudice: is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. The word is often used to refer to preconceived, cynical ideas about another individual, arising from a per son’s negative ideas about that person, usually unfavourable, judgments toward people or a person  because of gender, political opinion, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race/ethnicity, language, nationality or other personal characteristics. For example, more than 700 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in 27 different countries were interviewed as part of International Study of Discrimination and Stigma Outcomes, 72 per cent of those interviewed said they felt the need to conceal their diagnosis. 64 per cent said the anticipation of discrimination stopped them applying for work, training or education programs and 55 per cent said it stopped them looking for a close relationship. In the health and social care sector could be care worker telling another care worker that he or she does not want to work with someone or get them over and done with as they don’t like them due to whatever reason may be. Stereotyping: assumptions made about an individual judged on their group, environment and it may not always be true and sometimes it is based on another persons or groups qualities and life, this is dangerous as it could make the service user feel depressed and mess them up mentally due to the ‘name callingâ⠂¬â„¢. For example, it may be a stereotype that Asian people love to eat rice. So according to this stereotype, if you are Asian, that automatically means that you will unconditionally love to eat rice. This can already show that generalizations made from stereotypes are not the most reliable to base your judgement on. Typically racial and ethnic group stereotypes come from some degree of prejudice thought. In a health and social care area this may occur when a health care worker sees a dark skinned black man and instantly think he is a thug so they chose not to assist them and move them on to someone else. Labelling: Labelling people refers to a form of prejudice and discrimination where a person allocates names to people on the basis of nationality, religion, ethnicity, gender, or some other group. Labelling of people represents a way of differentiating and identifying people. This practice is normally conducted on minority groups. For example, if you label someone who is wearing black as a Goth, you will assume them to be a depressing and dark-minded person, when in fact they might not be at all. This can lead to prejudice and discrimination. Labelling is basically a combination of all the other three things you have listed in your question, and is the ultimate form of ignorance and assumption. In the health and social care profession you need to be aware of this tendency to label people. Labelling thoughts may come into your head  and everyone has these types of thoughts but it’s what you do with them that are important. By becoming aware of your labelling thoughts, you can control them and stop them interfering with your work. Another example in the health and social setting is if a care worker was having a conversation with another care worker and referring a service user as the ‘bimbo’ just because of the colour of their hair such as blond this would be labelling and it would distress the user. Bullying: Bullying is a persistent attempt to hurt or humiliate someone, it is a repeated action and deliberately hurtful. The person bullying is more powerful than the person bullied, making it hard for those being bullied to defend them. Bullying can occur in many different forms. It can be physical (hitting, pushing, and damaging others’ property); it can be verbal (name-calling, threats) or social (excluding someone, spreading rumours). Bullying is not only between children and not only in schools; can it happen at home, in organisations, at work or on the Internet. Bullying is often based on perceived differences, such as ethnicity, sex or disability, so young LGBT people evidently have a higher risk of being bullied. In a health care sector a health care worker may tell a service user that they needs to stop eating as they are already too fat. Abuse: Abuse is the improper usage or treatment of an entity, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; crimes, or other types of aggression. Abuse of authority, in the form of political corruption, is the use of legislated or otherwise authorized powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties. Abuse of authority is separated from abu se of power in that the act is originally condoned, but is extended beyond that initially conceived and is in not all cases.

Philosophy Skepticism Essay

Definitely the most fascinating thing when it comes to skepticism is not that severely philosophically doubtful people are present – it is the opinions that come from guiltless principles and get to amazing deductions. Rationalists like Locke argue that â€Å"all knowledge is based on reason (and the reasoned analysis of certain innate concepts and ideas that are possessed and understood by everyone). † Therefore, the inherent uncertainty of sensory experience (i. e. optical illusions and hallucinations) cannot provide a solid foundation for knowledge. Normally, a skeptic starts from several of explanations for a single situation but they will always end in wrong conclusions. Skepticism can take you to fertile results if you contemplate the following and consider the Sorites Paradox. First of all, admit these three properties. If you have two eyes – and can see clearly- that means you are not blind. And if you have mostly no eyes or cannot see either, then you are not blind. Likewise, if you take off one eye, this does not make you completely blind. So keep taking your two eyes off. Agreeing with this evidence, you should not get blind . However; you would get blind (www. philosophytalk. org). In addition, if we make reference to Descartes’ Meditations dispute. What Descartes argument means is that â€Å"the kind of evidence we have for our beliefs underdetermines what to believe (60). † Hence, we could use Bertrand Russell’s example. Imagine you had some kind of hallucinations consequence from some kind of drug or substance. In this case, how could someone differentiate their ‘dream’ life from their ‘real’ life? Since the skeptic never accepts that we are actually having a dream in the place of living. In fact, the skeptic states that our existing evidence does not regulate the chance that it could be a dream instead of real life. Idealism is definitely a good solution for skepticism. Moreover, skepticism creates the difference among our thoughts or observations and things that provide importance to these thoughts and perceptions such as dreams or any life experience. So, demanding that the universe is part of our ideas would separate the problematic of skepticism. For example, there is nothing concluded about the existence of a chair than just the impression that the table is there. During decades, many philosophers and skeptics have always had an extremist position as a way to give strength to their opinions. Though, idealism is actually more absurd than skepticism and our commonsense should allow us to reject it (Philosophical Reporter (4:50): Polly Stryker interviews Michael Shermer, the director of Skeptic Society). I believe that many skeptical opinions do not necessarily have to be based on a strong formation of knowledge. We can believe whatever we want– whether or not those beliefs are based on a complete form of knowledge? If knowledge is hypothetically that type of belief-with that kind of authority- whatever it is, that sustains skeptical opinions, then we probably do not count the privilege of having that â€Å"knowledge. † Nevertheless, we believe in several things and some of those beliefs are more or less acceptable by argument and/or evidence. Undoubtedly, many of the things we believe in are â€Å"strong enough† for this life with a list full of different and infinite purposes, even if the skeptic is right that none of them deserve the honorific label â€Å"knowledge† (Stroud, 96). Whenever we believe in something, we risk more than having some kind of knowledge . When I purely believe something and do not any doubt it and actually have evidences to support it, then that is when I cannot even have the thought or idea that my belief could be wrong for a certain reason. So Knowledge is in a way stronger than that. One cannot know that p, unless p is the case (Nozick, 109). There are serious doubts about the reliability of sensory experience on human beings in the development of ideas, and the possibility of ‘certain knowledge’ is definitely questionable. So, while experiences are the foundation for knowledge and certainty, we cannot fully trust our experiences, and cannot hope to accomplish certainty in our knowledge of the world. Reasoning a bit, we can realize that knowledge would always be dependable from the passing of time, and that knowledge could change anytime as well. Different kinds of advances, transformations and variations could lead knowledge to be moldable in anyway in any area depending on what we believe now and what we will believe later based on science or the resemblance of the past. All knowledge is a product of human experience, and is not possible that people are born with innate ideas . On the other hand, beliefs will always be based on the criteria of each people that comprise a whole different world, and our beliefs would hardly change the way we see and justify things that surround us in a period of five years or less. I do not think that knowledge is as important as it seems. I tend to believe that the rational part does everything. We want all of our beliefs to be constant under the stress that the rational pressure causes. When those balanced belief are being formed, our goal is to reach those beliefs that are receptive to all the stress of rational beliefs and that even after all that force of a rational belief, they can keep themselves firm. Perhaps a belief that is privileged of having such receptiveness to reasons and could appreciate the stability of not having any pressure by any rational beliefs, and then it would gain the honor to be named knowledge. * www. Philosophytalk. org * Nozick, Robert. An Analysis of Knowledge. Philosophical Inquiry. Indianapolis. Hacket Publishing Company Inc. 2007 * Stroud, Barry. Philosophical Scepticism and Everyday Life. Philosophical Inquiry. Indianapolis. Hacket Publishing Company Inc. 2007 * Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy. Philosophical Inquiry. Indianapolis. Hacket Publishing Company Inc. 2007.

What Should Our Cholesterol Levels Be... essays

What Should Our Cholesterol Levels Be... essays What Should Our Cholesterol Levels Be, Ideally, and How Can We Control Our Cholesterol Without Prescription Drugs? At the moment, suppliers of anti-cholesterol drugs, such as Pfizer's Lipitor or Pravachol, are marketing their merchandise as the sole weapon available to combat the relentless onslaught of the known killer. This paper is devoted to educate those of us potentially duped by doctors with a quick hand on the prescription pad, and drug companies with a vested interest in our dependency. The American Heart Association defines cholesterol as a soft, waxy substance found among the lipids (fats) in the bloodstream and in all your body's cells (n. pag.). If one consumes too much cholesterol, it can harden into a plaque-like substance inside arteries and veins. This is a major contributor to heart disease. Although it is normal for every person to have cholesterol in their bodies, too much could wreak havoc on societys collective blood supply-while it is still in our bodies-by restricting its flow and causing otherwise preventable death. Stephen R. Yarnell, MD, and Fellow of The American College of Cardiology writes that unhealthy blood cholesterol levels are one of the major risk factors for heart disease-the No. 1 killer of American men and women (n. pag.). There are simple changes an individual can make in his or her lifestyle that can maintain balanced cholesterol levels. Why should you care about your cholesterol levels? Because the American Heart Association says that high cholesterol is a leading risk factor for heart disease (n. pag.). If there is too much cholesterol in the blood it can harden inside the veins. This will result in restricting the amount of blood flowing through them, ultimately causing a heart attack. If you take the time to care about your cholesterol levels, you could save your life. What is the "normal" or "ideal" blood cholesterol level? Stephen R. Yarnell, MD writes: "...

JUVENILE DELIQUENTS essays

JUVENILE DELIQUENTS essays Since the begining of time, people would get in trouble for breaking the rules. Consequences lead to time in prison, death penalty or life in prison, despite age. Now a days, more and more juvenile delquents are commiting more crimes and getting away with easy pushinment. Laws should make more strict laws against minors who commite crimes, and then maybe, the crime rate for minors would decrease. Everyday, minors get put in positions to choose right from wrong. Do you think that minors who choose to do wrong think twice about the consequences? Maybe they get put into that position to do wrong by peer pressure. They have friends who influence them and get dragged into a worse position. They want to be able to feel like they are a part of the in crowd. The more influenced they get, the more they want the adreanline rush of breaking the rules. Some minors get a pleasure of breaking the rules. They think that its funny, and just as long as its not them getting hurt, it doesn't bother them on bit. Parents play a big role in most of these Juvenile deliquents lives. If parents are not around to teach their kids right from wrong, where else are they suppose to learn from? They watch crimes being commited on T.V and want to be exactly like that. Some parents could care-less. But I believe its not intentionally, maybe they are drug addicts, alcoholics, or in prison. And sometimes, parents want to only make their child happy, and let them run wild and do whatever they please. If parents worried more about their children's future and less about making them happy, do you think the minority crime rate would go down? Minors should have more stricter laws for commiting crimes. It is important that the crime rate for minorities decrease, before in the future increases my a very high percentage. Everyone in a Juvenile deliquents life plays a big role in their life, and if they showed that they cared and that they are always going to ...

Why More People Drown in Fresh Water Than Salt Water

Why More People Drown in Fresh Water Than Salt Water Drowning in fresh water is different from drowning in salt water. For one, more people drown in fresh water than salt water. Around 90% of drownings occur in freshwater, including swimming pools, bathtubs, and rivers. This is partly because of the chemistry of the water and how it affects osmosis. Drowning in Salt Water Drowning involves suffocating while in water. You dont even need to breathe in the water for this occur, but if you do inhale salt water, the high salt concentration will prevent the water from crossing into your lung tissue. When people drown in salt water, its usually because they cant get oxygen or expel carbon dioxide. Breathing in salt water creates a physical barrier between the air and your lungs. A person who has inhaled salt water will not be able to breathe again until the salt water is removed. However, that does not mean there wont be lingering effects. Salt water is hypertonic to the ion concentration in lung cells, so if you swallow it the water from your bloodstream will enter your lungs to compensate for the concentration difference. This will cause your blood to thicken, putting a strain on your circulatory system. Extreme stress on your heart can lead to cardiac arrest within eight to 10 minutes. The good news is that its relatively easy to rehydrate your blood by drinking water, so if you survive the initial experience, you are well on the road to recovery. Drowning in Fresh Water Surprisingly, you can die from breathing in fresh water even hours after you have avoided drowning in it. This is because fresh water is more diluted with respect to ions than the fluid inside your lung cells. Fresh water doesnt cross into your skin cells because keratin essentially waterproofs them, but water will rush into unprotected lung cells to try to equalize the concentration gradient across the cell membranes. This can cause massive tissue damage, so even if the water is removed from your lungs there is still a chance you might not recover. Heres what happens: Fresh water is hypotonic compared to lung tissue. When water enters the cells, it causes them to swell. Some of the lung cells may burst. Because capillaries in your lungs are exposed to the fresh water, water enters the bloodstream, diluting your blood. This causes blood cells to burst (hemolysis). Elevated plasma K (potassium ions) and depressed Na (sodium ion) levels may disrupt the hearts electrical activity heart, causing ventricular fibrillation. Cardiac arrest from the ion imbalance may occur in as little as two to three minutes. Even if you survive the first few minutes underwater, acute renal failure may occur from the burst blood cells in your kidneys. If you drown in cold fresh water, the temperature change as the water enters your bloodstream may even cool your heart enough to cause cardiac arrest from hypothermia. On the other hand, in salt water, the cold water does not enter your bloodstream, so the effects of temperature are mainly limited to heat loss across your skin.

Doctors without borders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Doctors without borders - Essay Example Having gone through the worst of what could happen to human lives during war and crisis, a select number of doctors from France destined themselves to serve the humanity all over the world, providing people in trouble with help and care. And thus, began the inception of â€Å"Doctors without Borders†. Having sown the seeds for this organization in 1971, the organization otherwise called as, â€Å"Me’decins sans Frontiers â€Å", spread its roots across several countries and eventually turned to be huge organization, operating in nearly 60 countries over the world. What has made this organization to be a special one is that the voluntary members of the organization act as a team, called as the multi-purpose team, helping out people who are affected by war, natural disasters and other atrocities of the world. Their privatised method of working has allowed them to perform hassle free operations, without the interruption of the government and politics. In addition, they h ave emancipated themselves under the international humanitarian laws and, because of their service to humanity their voice in public has grown louder every day. As a result, their global presence has vehemently forced the public to become aware of any atrocities happening across the world and protest against them. (Bortolotti 2004) Currently, with the growing innovations across several fields and the never ending race of nations to achieve supremacy, an organization like â€Å"Doctors without Borders† is the need of the hour. Their eccentric leadership has promoted people to join the organization and act selflessly in providing help to communities, even before they could plead for it. They are continuing to be an inspiration to many in this economic centric world of ours. As a result of their continuous contribution to the society, the organization was awarded the Nobel peace prize, during the year 1999, in the category â€Å"pioneering humanitarian

Couple Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Couple Questions - Essay Example He is an important man who commands respect and yes, children will certainly be influenced by an official address by the President of the United States. Keeping children in school should be a goal for Democrats and Republicans alike and it is a shame that his attempt to encourage children to stay in school has been hijacked by conservatives in this country. A sizable percentage of what seem to be otherwise normal Americans think Obama is a 1) Muslim, 2) foreigner, 3) socialist. Where did they get those ideas? Propaganda has been employed in various degrees of success by the right-wing reactionary conservative movement in the United States which has sought to portray President Obama as a socialist, a Muslim and a foreigner. While detractors decry his attempts at implementing universal healthcare in this country as â€Å"socialism†, in fact President Obama is trying to promote equality and ensure that all Americans, regardless of race, social status or income, have access to the same levels of healthcare in this country. Importantly, the President has recently gotten into trouble with Republicans and conservatives in this country as he tries to overhaul the lucrative American healthcare system and institute publically-funded healthcare throughout the United States. The conservative media has implemented a wide reaching campaign to discredit the President and they have been successful in a variety of regards. Referring to him as Barack â€Å"Hussein† Obama on television stations such as Fox TV, conservative broadcasters have done an excellent job portraying this President as something which he is not. Importantly, this President is trying to make significant changes to American society and right wing analysts have tried their best to keep him down. Fortunately he remains a tireless advocate for the disadvantaged and remains the peoples’

(just related to the details below) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

(just related to the details below) - Essay Example The resulting paralysis caused his gradual inability to move, forage and hunt. This, therefore, resulted to Chris’ death from starvation. He died in a converted bus that was used as a shelter in backcountry, near Lake Wentitika (Krakauer 218). Chris was born in El Segundo, California. His family settled in Annandale, Virginia in 1976. This was after his father got employed as an antenna specialist for the NASA. His mother was a secretary at Hughes Aitcraft. She later assisted her husband in a home-based consulting company that he had opened in Annandale. At school, Chris was unusually strong-willed. During his adolescence, he showed physical endurance and intense idealism. He was the team captain of the cross-country team. Chris used to urge his teammates to consider the running exercise as a spiritual exercise of running against darkness forces, all the hatred and evil in the world. Chris graduated from high school in 1986 in Fairfax, Virginia. After the graduation, he travel led he travelled throughout the country using his car. This was one of Chris’ major adventures. His academic success and middle class background acted as drivers for contempt of seeing the materialism nature of the society. In 1990, Chris graduate from college with a Bachelor’s degree in anthropology and history. ... Chris loved reading and most of the people he encountered described him as intelligent. He worked at a grain elevator in Arizona, California. Chris survived being washed away by floods. However, his car was washed out, which made him to dispose off his license plate. In 1991, Chris paddled a canoe in the remote stretches of River Colorado to the California Gulf. He crossed the border and travelled to Mexico, where he got lost in the many dead-end canals. Later, Chris was rescued by duck-hunters who took him to the sea, where he stayed for some time. This made him to take pride in surviving with less funds and gear. All his life, Chris wished for an Alaskan Odyssey, where he would live in the wilderness of the land of Alaskan, free from civilization. He hoped to find his real self while in the wilderness. He kept a journal that described his progress physically and spiritually as he faced forces of nature. In 1992, he was given a ride by Jim Gallien from Fairbanks to Stampede Trail. G allien showed concern for Chris, who showed little surviving the experience in the wilderness and had minimal supplies. He did not even have a compass. He tried to persuade him to defer the trip and offered to give him a drive to Anchorage to buy supplies and suitable equipment. McCandless, however, turned down offer. Gallien allowed Chris to wander off, believing that he would head back to the highway after being struck by hunger within a few days. This was the last time Chris was seen alive. In the wilderness, McCandless came across an abandoned bus that was parked near Denali National Park and was used as a hunting shelter. He started living in the bus, off the land. He had 4.5kg of rice, a semi-automatic rifle, 400 rounds of ammunitions, some camping

Development and Growth Requires a Strong Knowledge of Where Youve Been Essay

Development and Growth Requires a Strong Knowledge of Where Youve Been and where you Plan on Going - Essay Example In order to offer a better understanding as to what my implied meaning is in this statement, I will introduce a brief idea into the ethnic culture of Haiti and its people, to give more of a background of where I originated from, and my personal roots. Growing up in Haiti, I learned at a young age that it takes ambition and determination in life to get to where you want to be. I witnessed children struggling alongside their parents, in fields, working long hours, just to try and make ends meet, keep sustenance on the table, and clothing on their backs. Though times in Haiti could be hard, they could be fulfilling as well. For many of the young people, these hard times are exactly what lead them to strive harder to achieve something in their life, and help make their family's lives better as well. I am very much this same way. I grew up in a village similar to ones like Fondwa, where although the countryside can be seen as beautiful, life in itself was and is very straining, especially since I did not live with my mother but lived with my father and my other siblings. The house I grew up in was also very much like the houses you could find in the villages scattered about the island of Haiti. We had a very small, modest house but it was enough to keep us from the elements, and it provided a place for us to be a family as well. However, we often shared our house with other members of our village, which by doing this, taught me that sharing is a great thing to do as it brings about the emotion of compassion and emanates kindness onto others. The majority of houses in Haiti are small, domesticated types of homes, many with the famous white picket fence, and a group of children standing around outside in the summer (Williamson 2004). Furthermore, Haitian people are not lazy. This can be proven, as many of the adults, as well as children work together to bring completeness to their community. If something needs done then often times many work alongside one another until the project is complete. The following quote by a Haitian man goes to emphasize this point fully and rather matter of factly. "One must always work a little to help one's community" (Williamson 2004). In this way, the Haitian people can all feel as if they have achieved something and bettered their living environment. This was always highly impressionable on me as a child, and is yet another reason why I stay so determined to follow my goals through and do whatever it takes to get to where I want to be. Of course this is following my own roots, which at times I am not even aware that I am doing, it is just an inept attitude that I have developed about life. I have had to learn that when times get tough, you can't just give up and give in, you must do whatever it takes to continue on in your life, if you're ever going to get to that place where you want to be. Also, by understanding your own self better, and your past history, you'll come to the realization that it has a major impact on how you engage in activities in your adult life. This is exactly what I have found, as the Haitian culture and its roots are very much a part of my persona. Another aspect of my life in Haiti that has lead me to where I am in my life today is the fact that in my original country, children did not always have the

Project 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project 9 - Essay Example Examples of parametric tests are t tests and z tests which are used on both paired and independent quantitative data. Nonparametric tests do not assume any particular distribution for the data; however, they look at the category or rank order of the values and ignores the absolute difference between them (Driscoll and Lecky 2001.). In addition to the application of these tests to quantitative data that are not normally distributed, nonparametric tests are also applied to nominal and ordinal data. According to Driscoll and Lecky (2001), examples of nonparametric tests include Chi Square, Fisher exact test which are used for nominal data; and Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Kolmogorov-Smirnov which are used for ordinal data. Chi-Square (χ2) test is a very popular nonparametric test which is used on unpaired nominal data. This paper shows how the χ2 test is applied to data relating to gender and office locations of 60 sworn officers. The test is used to determine if there is a difference in the gender distribution among the three locations. According to Salkind (2009), the Chi Square test is a very interesting test which allows the researcher to determine if what is observed in a distribution of frequencies represents what is expected to occur by chance. The data relating to gender and office locations have been grouped in order to perform a Chi Square test. The test has more than one independent variable and so is described as a test of independence. The table below shows the arrangement of the data. The table above shows that there are a total of 35 males and 25 females distributed across three locations. The test seeks to determine whether there are any differences in relation to the gender distribution across the three locations. Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) and research hypothesis would be stated as: According to Salkind (2009), the next step is to determine the level of

Erikson's theory on child development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Erikson's theory on child development - Essay Example mas in the ego’s relations with the family and larger social institutions at significant points in childhood, adolescence, and early, middle and late adulthood (Sadock et al, 2007). The different aspects of child development identified by Erikson (1963) are: biological, social and individual. Erikson’s most important contribution to psychology is his demarcation of the eight psychosocial stages represented by the eight ages constituting the life span of an individual. An individual’s identity is related to each stage of the lifecycle. During adolescence a conflict between identity and role confusion can arise. Ego development occurs through the stages of the life span, and is part of a child’s evolution into adolescence. As a student of Freud, Erikson took a unique perspective on Freud’s work, incorporated Freud’s primary assumptions, and broadened the network of factors considered responsible for influencing development. He extended Freudian psychoanalytic theory to focus on the ego as the fundamental component in an individual’s functioning. Erikson’s (1963) psychosocial theory of personality development is similar to Freud’s psychosexual theory of development with its emphasis on instinctual energy as a determining life force (Sadock et al, 2007). Freud’s viewpoint was that the most important determinants of development occurred during early childhood, but on the other hand Erikson believed that the most important development came later, and that development continued through the lifespan: from childhood till the last stage of life. Other differences between Freud and Erikson’s theories is that: Erikson does not stress on unconscious motives or desires, and he based his ideas on analyses of the functioning of healthy people, whereas Freud studied individuals being treated for mental health problems. Erikson considered key social interactions at each stage of development to be very important. Though he agreed that biological unfolding was

Project 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project 9 - Essay Example Examples of parametric tests are t tests and z tests which are used on both paired and independent quantitative data. Nonparametric tests do not assume any particular distribution for the data; however, they look at the category or rank order of the values and ignores the absolute difference between them (Driscoll and Lecky 2001.). In addition to the application of these tests to quantitative data that are not normally distributed, nonparametric tests are also applied to nominal and ordinal data. According to Driscoll and Lecky (2001), examples of nonparametric tests include Chi Square, Fisher exact test which are used for nominal data; and Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Kolmogorov-Smirnov which are used for ordinal data. Chi-Square (χ2) test is a very popular nonparametric test which is used on unpaired nominal data. This paper shows how the χ2 test is applied to data relating to gender and office locations of 60 sworn officers. The test is used to determine if there is a difference in the gender distribution among the three locations. According to Salkind (2009), the Chi Square test is a very interesting test which allows the researcher to determine if what is observed in a distribution of frequencies represents what is expected to occur by chance. The data relating to gender and office locations have been grouped in order to perform a Chi Square test. The test has more than one independent variable and so is described as a test of independence. The table below shows the arrangement of the data. The table above shows that there are a total of 35 males and 25 females distributed across three locations. The test seeks to determine whether there are any differences in relation to the gender distribution across the three locations. Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) and research hypothesis would be stated as: According to Salkind (2009), the next step is to determine the level of

Differences between primary and secondary research Paper

Differences between primary and secondary - Research Paper Example â€Å"These original documents (i.e., they are not about another document or account) are often diaries, letters, memoirs, journals, speeches, manuscripts, interviews and other such unpublished works† (University of California Santa Cruz, 2011). The primary source is original and encapsulates a lot of creativity. The information is factual rather than interpretive. Primary references report the scientific discoveries in detail. In scientific studies, they not only narrate the conclusions, but also sufficiently discuss the clinical trials as well as the experiments that make part of the research. The discussion is completely factual. Secondary research upon humanities encapsulates analysis and interpretation of the primary sources. The event discussed happens in the past and only a second-hand account of the same is generated. Creative works are interpreted in the secondary research. In the secondary research, research outcomes and scientific discoveries are analyzed and interp reted. Primary sources consume more time in retrieving than the secondary sources. This is because of the fact that to retrieve information from the primary sources, the researcher needs to approach the respondent. The first and the foremost obstacle in way of retrieving information from a primary source is that the researcher needs to take an appointment from the respondent. ... It is for the researcher to decide whether the interview has to be structured, semi-structured or non-structured. Once everything is ready, the researcher still might encounter inconvenience collecting the data as the respondent might not feel comfortable discussing certain issues that are of prime interest to the researcher. Therefore, most researchers refer to the primary data only when there is insufficient information in the secondary sources (Duval, 2005). Nevertheless, because of the researcher’s use of â€Å"telephone surveys, computerized data analysis, and use of cell phones and pagers† (Benfield and Szlemko, 2006, p. 2), primary data is not as difficult to collect in the present age as it used to be in the past. On the other hand, secondary sources are very easy to retrieve the information from. All the researcher needs is access to the required material. â€Å"Marketing researchers use secondary information because it can be obtained at a fraction of the cos t, time, and inconvenience of primary data collection† (McDaniel and Gates, 1998, p. 75). Examples of the primary sources about humanities are letters, diaries and journals. Data is retrieved from magazines and newspapers. Photographs, government records, one-to-one interviews with the concerned parties and paintings are all included in the primary resources. Sources conventionally used for the scientific research include but are not limited to the published results of experiments, conferences and clinical trials. Examples of the secondary sources include histories, biographies, books, newspaper articles and scientific journals (Thomas, 2010). Nielsen

Political background of russia

Political background of russia POLITICAL BACKGROUND RUSSIA FORM OF GOVERNMENT Type of Government: Federal Republic The 1993 Constitution declares Russia a democratic federative state based on the rule of the law and a republication from of government. Source: PricewaterhouseCooper (2009) Doing business and investing in the Russian Federation. Russia. http://www.pwc.com/ru/en/doing-business-in-russia/index.jhtml [24.3.2010] GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE AND HOW IT OPERATES The 1993 Constitution declare Russia a democratic federative state based on the rule of law and a republican form of government. State power in Russia is divided among the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The President of the Russia is considered to be the head of the state where he is responsible for approving the major decision which are taken by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister of the Russia is considered to be the head of the state where he is responsible for approving the major decision which are taken by the Prime Minister. The Government which comprises prime minister, deputy minister and minister of Russia is responsible for exercising the executive power. The government along with the federal assembly of the Russia is vested with the legislative power. The Legislature consist of bicameral Federal Assembly: State duma is the lower house or parliament which can draft legislation and amend the constitution and file an impeachment against president but cannot put in force directly. Federation Counsil is the upper house and has the power to approve or reject laws adopted by the state Duma. Source: PricewaterhouseCooper (2009) Doing business and investing in the Russian Federation. Russia. http://www.pwc.com/ru/en/doing-business-in-russia/index.jhtml [24.3.2010] INTERNATIONAL RELATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES Participation in various international organizations Russia has steadily moved from initial pro-western policy towards one that combined elements of co-operation with West (especially on economic issues) and attempts to reassert Russias status as a great power with distinct interest. Russia is a part of the European Union and it accounts to be its main economic partner at the same time it accounts for more than half of its external trade, the bulk of its energy exports and most foreign investment inflows. Russia has its presence with the Asian powers such as China and India. China is still likely to overtake Germany as Russia main trading partner in the next few years. At the same time china could become an important export market of Russian energy, although Russia remains wary of china rise as an economic power. http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy-m.deakin.edu.au/ehost/pdf?vid=4hid=8[emailprotected] CORRUPTION BRIBES According to the Russian Economic Report 2008, there has been seen an 8% growth in the economy of Russia and due to which it has witnesse economic growth over the past years. Source: World Bank 2008, Russian economic report [online], Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRUSSIANFEDERATION/Resources/rer17_eng.pdf [Accessed: 31.3.2010]. The lack of trust in institution and corruption has affected the confidence of the investor in spite of a massive economic stimulus package given by the Russian government. According to the Institute for Public Project (INOP) along with Institute for Comparative Social Research (CESSI) in their price list of bribes has cite large companies as a major barrier in doing the business in Russia. Source: Business anti-corruption portal 2009, Russia Country Profile [online], Denmark, Available from: http://www.business-anti-corruption.eu/index.php?id=9085 [Accessed: 25.3.2010]. According to the Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010, â€Å"the business executives which were surveyed the corruption was the key factor identified as the most problematic factor in doing business in Russia. According to a CDI 2008 report on this price-list, the private players will have to pay USD 1-5 in order to get licence and one third of the order price to win a government contract†. The Economist reported in late 2008, reported that USD 10,000 to USD 130,000 was the increased size of the average bribe business According to the Public Opinion Foundation survey, in 2008 around 56% of the business people polled pay bribes. A 2008 survey conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation reveals that 56% of the businesspeople polled pay bribes. Due to more corruption and weak rule of law foreign companies find trade and investment as unattractive in Russia. According to the World Bank IFC Enterprise Surveys 2009, over 29.4% of the unofficial payment are done by companies to get their work done. According to the INDEM reports and Bribe Payers Index 2008, 80% of all Russian companies pay bribes and mostly when doing business abroad. Companies that plans to invest or when operate in Russia must strengthen integrity system and to conduct extensive du diligence. Source: Business anti-corruption portal 2009, Russia Country Profile [online], Denmark, Available from: http://www.business-anti-corruption.eu/index.php?id=9085 [Accessed: 25.3.2010]. Russian Federation 2009 Corruption Russian Federation Region All Countries % of firm expected to informal payment 29.44 17.42 27.11 % of firm expected to give gifts for operating licence 22.18 12.88 16.23 % of firms expected to give gift to get government contracts 46.32 25.95 28.11 % of firms identifying corruption as a major constraint 50.00 33.53 36.62 Corruption 2006 [online], Available from: http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/ExploreEconomies /?economyid=159year=2009 [Accessed: 28.4.2010].

During this essay I will be exploring and comparing two of Carol Ann :: English Literature

During this essay I will be exploring and comparing two of Carol Ann Duffy’s poems, Education for Leisure and Stealing Comparison between two of Duffy’s poems. During this essay I will be exploring and comparing two of Carol Ann Duffy’s poems, â€Å"Education for Leisure† and â€Å"Stealing†. In both of these dramatic monologues Duffy clearly portrays a certain persona, the character in â€Å"Education for Leisure† is shown as a young adult, that, because he has been ignored, is trying to find power by killing living things. Similarly the character in the poem â€Å"Stealing† is ignored and friendless and so resorts to stealing just for the thrill of it, often stealing things that aren’t useful to him. The character in the poem Education for Leisure is very egocentric, â€Å"I breathe out talent on the glass to write my name† this shows that he really believes that even the air he exhales is important enough to be classed as talent and he writes his name on it as if it was an autograph. He also says â€Å"I could be anything at all, with half a chance.† This shows that he isn’t given the chance to be anything that he wants to be and that he is quite ignored by others. This helps explain why he goes on his killing spree, its probably because people don’t acknowledge him that he wants that kind of power of someone, or something so he isn’t ignored anymore. The character in the poem â€Å"Stealing† is very lonely, when talking about a snowman he once stole he says â€Å"I wanted him, a mate with a mind as cold as the slice of ice within my brain.† This shows that what he wants is a friend that is just like him, someone he can relate to, because no one else could understand. He also says â€Å"Sometimes I steal things I don’t need† He does this because he got a thrill out of doing it the first time and it gives him a sense of power of who he is stealing from. The quote â€Å"I sigh like this - Aah† shows the satisfaction he gets when he is stealing, and the short sentence â€Å"Mirrors.† show that he likes to see himself, and he sees it as a

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Class of 2012, tonight is the last time we will share together for many years. After tonight, we will begin a new chapter in our lives. This chapter will lead us away from each other, but the memories we've shared will continue to stay. The years behind us have been full of challenges and rewards; these experiences will be there to guide us as we branch out into the world. Let's take a moment to think back to the people and times that shaped us the last four years. Every teacher deserves a "thank you" for helping us to reach our goal of graduation. The love and support of our families has been greatly appreciated. But truly, the main ingredient of our high school experience has been our peers. We all faced hardships, but we were able to overcome them, together. And now, here we are once again, together. Homecoming, tolo, football games, pep assemblies and spirit weeks ignited us as young freshman. When we became sophomores, the blaring of the fire alarm became our wake-up call. Only after wiping the drool off our desks and hurrying out to the field did we realize that this wa...

Kanban Pull System

Abstract Kanban Pull System is a method of controlling the flow of production through the factory based on a customer’s demand. Pull Systems control the flow of resources in a production process by replacing only what has been consumed. Kanban Pull System is a system that suitable for SMIs Company in Malaysia. Next, is discusses about Kanban Pull System Process for SMIs company in Malaysia. Kanban is a sign, symbol, or in the production process trigger signal is generated at the time of lean production and supply.Is a production Kanban pull or Kamban of JIT, Kanban signals from one process to the next process, to produce more parts in the main method. Besides that, Kanban Pull System has a lot of benefit for SMIs Company in Malaysia such as reduce overall inventory, reduce work in process, reduce order turnaround time, increase customer satisfaction, and improve cash flow. In addition, SMIs Company in Malaysia can use Triangle Kanban Pull System for success their business. key words: Kanban Pull System, Kanban Pull System is a system that suitable for SMIs Company in Malaysia, Kanban Pull System Process for SMIs Company in Malaysia, Kanban Pull System is a system that suitable for SMIs Company in Malaysia Kanban Pull System has a lot of benefit, and SMIs Company in Malaysia can use Triangle Kanban Pull System. 2. 0 Introduction Global manufacturing enterprises continue to increase their production and operation to recover, especially in the automotive and computer industries a competitive advantage.Industry challenges, e-commerce and customers via the Internet Order transferred to the configuration of the production equipment and make-up of environmental safety. Traditional large-scale production is not particularly adapted to clients' needs changing; it depends on forecasts of future demand and scheduling system to meet the expected demand for production work. Production systems, often with an inventory of products. In addition, a high level, and the ser vice is no longer taken from time to delivery.In contrast, only depend on current production, cause the release of work into the system, and â€Å"pull† system, to meet real demand. Timely production is better for the production of ideas, arguing that the right product at the right time and right amount of product that can meet customer needs changing. Reconfigurable systems enable rapid and low-cost replacement for capacity allocation, the desired product. Manufacturers are also moving off-line, and the need for suppliers to deliver the module sub-assemblies.Therefore, the pull system manufacturing and installation, basic understanding is essential for the orderly implementation of the paradigm. Industrial Engineering degree courses in general, including analysis of production and management process, but time and submits the concept of lean manufacturing principles. Many students also take language simulation, random number generation, input modeling, verification and valida tion strategies, and the analysis of simulation output, which includes course.However, little or no text books discuss the pull system using a simulation model, control, and analysis of materials. This article attempts to address this deficiency, and can be used as a simulation, and production and management courses added. This simulation model used to describe the mechanism of exciting the system, provide the reader with a â€Å"hands on† approach to the kanban system. And Zazanis Spearman (1992) provides a discussion of more advanced, push, pull-pull system to improve performance over conventional propulsion system and the current theory of motivation.They help this paper argues that the analysis of interesting systems, and provides a number of suspects, to encourage readers to consider, and pull the article describes the simulation model. 3. 0 Kanban Pull Systems Kanban Pull System is a method of controlling the flow of production through the factory based on a customerâ⠂¬â„¢s demand. Pull Systems control the flow of resources in a production process by replacing only what has been consumed. They are customer order-driven production schedules based on actual demand and consumption rather than forecasting.Implementing Pull Systems can help you eliminate waste in handling, storing, and getting your product to the customer. Pull Systems are an excellent tool to use in the areas where cellular or flow manufacturing cannot be achieved. Kanban is a sign, flag, or signal within the production process to trigger the production and supply of product as part of Just in Time in Lean manufacturing. Kanban or Kamban is the main method by which pull production is realized within JIT, the Kanban being the signal from one processes to a preceding process to produce more components.Most people have seen Kanban in operation but just do not realize it, there are two well known retail chains that spring to mind when considering Kanbans, the first is the chain that can produce your spectacles within the hour while you wait; your order is dropped into a tray, this tray is the Kanban, it is moved from one process to the next, each step being completed as per your specification within the hour. If there are no spare trays the assistant within the store knows that they cannot produce your glasses within the hour as capacity is all used up.The second example is that of a certain fast food / burger joint, between the server and the kitchen is what is known as the â€Å"burger regulator. † As the servers remove burgers from the regulator this is the signal to produce more to the kitchen behind. Batch sizes for production are changed during the day to match expected demand for peak and slow periods, if used correctly (many of the youngsters in these places seem to think they know better than the system! ) 95% of customers should find their order freshly available without having to wait. Figure 1: Kanban Pull SystemFigure 2: Kanban systems combined with unique scheduling tools, dramatically reduces inventory levels, increases turns, enhances supplier/customer relationships and improves the accuracy of manufacturing schedules. 4. 0 Should Every SMIs company in Malaysia Use Kanban Pull System? The next question to address is should pull systems be implemented in most SMIs company in Malaysia. The two types of pull systems respond slightly differently to changes in volume and product mix. The major disadvantage for both types of pull systems is that they require fairly steady product flow.Kanban is typically restricted to repetitive manufacturing where material flows at a steady rate in a fixed path. Large variations in volume or product mix destroy the flow and undermine the system’s performance goals. If there is too much WIP, the goal of minimizing WIP in the system is not achieved, and financial flexibility in dealing with scheduling and engineering changes is lost. If there is too little WIP, throughput goals cannot be attained. While still requiring a relatively steady volume, is a little more resilient in handling changes in product mix.The difference between their capabilities of handling product mixes has to do with the individual products having different bottlenecks and how WIP is controlled within the system. Questions to consider when assessing whether a pull system should be adopted include: †¢ How often do design, engineering and schedule changes occur? †¢What are the economic consequences of maintaining the current system compared to converting to a pull system? †¢ Can a pull system reduce overall lead-time compared to a push system? †¢Are suppliers reliable enough to support just-in time delivery of raw materials or subcomponents? Is the production system reliable, or does it suffer frequent breakdowns that stop production? †¢ Are labor and management committed to making the changes needed? †¢ How often and how significantly does the product mix change? In situations where a pull system is found to be acceptable for a facility, a decision of which type of pull system to implement must be made. As discussed previously, the choice depends on the level of WIP control desired (at the individual workstation level, or a â€Å"black box† system level). 5. 0 Kanban Pull System Process for SMIs company in MalaysiaKanban is a sign, symbol, or in the production process trigger signal is generated at the time of lean production and supply. Is a production Kanban pull or Kamban of JIT, kanban signals from one process to the next process, to produce more parts in the main method. Most people have seen the billboard operations, but did not realize it, there are two well-known retail chains, spring to mind when considering signs, the first chain to produce your glasses in an hour, while you wait; order down to the tray, tray this kanban, they move to the next process, each step in an hour to complete, according to your specifications.If no alternate storage tray assistants know that they cannot come in one hour is your ability to walk out of the glass. The second example is the fast food / burger venture between servers and kitchen, which is known as the â€Å"Hamburg rules. † Hamburg because the server was removed from the regulations, to produce more in the kitchen behind the signal. On that day, to meet expected demand at the summit and slowly, if used correctly (young people in these places, many people seem to think they know better than the system! 95% of customers need to find the size of the production fresh they may have to wait for change orders. 6. 0 Benefit of Kanban Pull System for SMIs company in Malaysia 1. Reduce overall inventory 2. Reduce work in process 3. Reduce order turnaround time 4. Increase customer satisfaction 5. Improve cash flow 7. 0 Successes of Kanban Pull System for SMIs company in Malaysia A maker of fine table linens was able to slash its average order turnaround time from 3-w eeks to 3-days using a Pull System. The changes eliminated bottlenecks in production and increased responsiveness to customer needs.A manufacturer of high-quality packaging machinery implemented a multi-faceted Lean transformation. A Pull System was used to smooth the flow of WIP. The changes decreased WIP by 62% and dramatically increased the number of orders completed each day. Pull Systems/Kanban-and other lean techniques-were implemented by a manufacturer of custom fiberglass and vacuum form products. These changes increased productivity by 20%, reduced inventory by 53%, decreased lead-time by 63%, and far exceeded their targeted goals. 8. Simulation Models of Kanban Pull System for SMIs company in Malaysia Simulation models have been developed in Arena 3. 5 and tested in Arena 4. 0 for the Kanban Systems in Figures 1 and 2 respectively (Marek, 2000). The reader is assumed familiar with the basics of simulation programming and analysis. The code for these models is presented in the following sections for the reader to obtain a â€Å"hands-on† feel for the different pull mechanics in each system. The serial manufacturing systems being modeled contain four workstations, and must produce two types of products.The make-to-order production facility has reconfigurable manufacturing equipment, allowing rapid and low cost changeovers to switch between product types. The setup times for changing between product types are considered to be zero on the assumption that the products are quite similar. This is a realistic assumption, for production line designers are now examining the value of agile tooling, fixtures, and material handling, so that any part in a general family may be produced on the line if the designed part fits within he line’s production envelope. For this reason, product types are not batch processed on a forecasted basis, but are processed on a first-come first serve (FCFS) basis as orders arrive. Product types are assigned from a disc rete probability distribution for each arriving order with 70% type 1 and 30% type 2. Process times at each workstation may depend on product type. Machine breakdowns and supply chain failures are currently not considered. The variance reduction technique of Common Random Numbers (CRN) (Pegden, et al. 1995) is employed to synchronize usage of random numbers in the Kanban Systems so that the systems are compared under similar conditions. Each system observes the same sequence of arrivals of type 1 and type 2 jobs and uses the same processing times for jobs at each workstation. This approach is often justified for scenario analysis whereby the analyst seeks to compare two or more alternatives (systems) and control specified parameter sequences while permitting other system parameters to vary.By designing the various simulation runs, the analyst can better distinguish the impact(s) of specific changes in the scenarios. Throughout the remainder of this paper, specific ARENA modeling con structs are used to define the modeling approach. The ARENA SEEDS element controls the six random number streams used (See Table 1). By using common random numbers, randomness in experimental conditions is reduced, and any measured differences in the two systems are due to the pull behavior and card control level used. Stream| Seed| Purpose| 1| 2323| Job Inter-Arrival Times| | 4545| Workstation 1 Processing Times| 3| 8080| Workstation 2 Processing Times| 4| 8181| Workstation 3 Processing Times| 5| 1717| Workstation 4 Processing Times| 6| 1974| Job Type| Table 1: Random Number Streams 9. 0 Kanban Pull System Focus for SMIs company in Malaysia A Kanban card can be generated to identify production of part(s) to replenish in-house inventories, a withdrawal of product for shipment to a customer, or to signal the replacement of raw materials and components. Using Kanbans there must be a purchase or an order to generate the card.The product is pulled through the production sequence based o n the order from the customer. Pull/Kanban is a part of the Lean Production or Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing process, applying Lean principals to eliminate waste. Every method in the Lean production system focuses on the elimination of waste. Lean principals should not be limited only to manufacturing operations, all areas of a company can benefit from the application of Lean principals. Reduction of waste ensures lower costs, higher quality products, and better service and delivery. 10. Triangle Kanban Pull System for SMIs company in Malaysia The method that Toyota facilities would follow most of the time in connecting a batch process to a downstream assembly process is called the triangle kanban. Below is an example in rough detail of how to evaluate to use this method for implementation (See LEI Workbook Creating Level Pull for a more detailed explanation). The example assumes you have a batch machining department feeding some type of final assembly. The machining department h as five machines building 11 totally different product variations.The demand for each product varies significantly, as does the standard pack quantity of each part. The setup time for changeover is about three hours. 1. Take the 11 part numbers and dedicate them to the five machines. (Ideally for example four machines will have two part numbers to run and one will have three part numbers to run, but this depends upon volume and mix, etc. ) 2. Now let us take one machine which now has several dedicated part numbers assigned to run on it. 3. Create a single triangle kanban for each part number including the following information (see picture below). . Part number b. Part description c. Inventory location d. Machine to be run on e. Space for date triggered to be written f. Tool number g. Lot size* h. Trigger or reorder point* *We’ll calculate these below 4. Determine the required daily run time for each part number. Calculate your average daily demand for each part number. If yo u haven’t leveled the build in final assembly it’s probably wise to add some amount in to cover demand variation. Let’s assume that you have two shifts of eight hours available production time which equals 16 hours of production (simplest case).If you have two part numbers on a machine, you can derive required production time based upon average daily demand and the cycle time to run the 3 part number. For example, let’s say, for ease of calculation, that required production time adds up to 10 hours. 5. Determine the time available for changeovers. In the simple case of 16 hours of production and 10 hours of demand it leaves six hours for changeovers each day. You should incorporate any average down time and scrap you have in the short run – but eliminate this in the long run. Thus, in our simple case (ignoring downtime, etc. you have available time for two changeovers daily or roughly one per shift under current calculations. 6. Determine your lot size for each part number. There are different ways to do this but for simplicity I will only describe the easiest. In this case your lot size is simply set at one day of production since you probably have two part numbers on this machine and will average two changeover events per day. In essence you are making every part ever day. If you had 10 part numbers on the machine and only two changeovers per day you would have lot sizes of five days. . Determine your trigger point for replenishment. To do this, add up the run time for the longer of the other components, add the changeover time, and add the time to make the first container and get it reliably back into the market. This is the minimum level you can establish for a replenishment trigger point for product. (An average trigger point might be 300 pieces. ) The system works by hanging a single triangle kanban at the trigger point in the inventory location. When the trigger point is reached, material handling takes it back to the producing machine.The kanban is hung on a rail at the machine and dictates what to build next and the lot size. The triangle pull system has many advantages. It is virtually self-running once established as long as average demand does not change. If it does, change your lot sizes accordingly. Also, the triangle helps stabilize quality since product is dedicated to a machine, and it takes out some variability but you can choose to run product on other machines. The down side is that the inventory in the market is not visible at all times since there is no batch board with cards.You do see, however, how many kanban are hanging on a rail at the machine which is a good indication of inventory depletion and a tool for visual control. Furthermore, there is only one kanban per part number to manage. Other minor challenges include, of course, figuring out the die maintenance schedule (for some types of machine) and what impact this will have on the schedule. Also you must figure out a simpl e signal to reliably bring any needed raw material to the machine. Figure 3: Sample Work Flow Using Triangle Kanban for SchedulingFigure 4: Triangle Kanban Detail In the end, you must decide what is the main goal is of implementing the pull system. Each of the three described ways works in terms of scheduling a batch process in conjunction with a market but each has a slightly different emphasis in mind. It might be worth the time to calculate the inventory levels, run times, operating rules for each of the three different ways. Construct a simple matrix, evaluate each of them in accordance with your priorities, and select the one that best fits your needs and company ability. 1. 0 Conclusion At this point, the reader should feel comfortable with the basic concepts, modeling, and card reduction techniques for Kanban systems. The major advantages of implementing a pull system include reduced cycle time variability, and economic flexibility to make engineering and design changes. Whil e Kanban systems maintain tighter control of system WIP through the individual card resources at each workstation, Kanban systems are easier to implement and adjust, since only one set of system cards is used to manage system WIP.The card reduction strategy discussed also demonstrates how simulation can be used as an effective decision support tool for production operations. Additionally, modeling pull systems with virtually any simulation language can present challenges to the analyst in that one must be somewhat innovative in the construction of the model and fully understand how to apply the given modeling constructs to effect a valid model. ARENA was chosen as the underlying simulation language because of its wide applicability in industry, and its ease-of-use as a teaching language.The authors’ experience is that it is straight forward to learn additional simulation languages after learning concepts of process flow and modeling techniques using a first simulation languag e. The Kanban systems logic should be relatively easy to implement in other simulation languages (such as AutoMod, Witness, ProModel, Simul8, etc. ) that specialize in modeling manufacturing process flows. Thus, by studying the example problem contained herein, a greater insight and appreciation for the logic and application of the modeling constructs (especially in the ARENA frame) are obtained. 2. 0 References Marek, R. P, Elkins, D. A, Smith, D. A (2001). Understanding The Fundamentals of Kanban and Conwip Pull Systems using Simulation. Spearman, M. L, Woodruff, D. L, Hopp, W. J, (1990). Conwip: A Pull Alternative to Kanban. Deleersnyder, J. L, Hodgson, T. J, Malek, H. M, Grady, P. J. O (1989, September). Kanban Controoled Pull Systems: An Analytic Approach. Karmakar, S. U (1986, June). Interating MRP with Kanban/Pull Systems. Working paper Sereies No. QM8165. Krar, Steve. Pull (Kanban) Systems Smalley, A. Connecting Assembly with batch Processes via basic Pull Systems

Public Education Financing Essay

In the present modern economics, public education financing is considered as one of the flourishing characteristics for the economy of any country. However, a wide variation has been observed in the financing practices related to the public education in the United States, as well as, across different parts of the globe. In this regard, differences and diversification can be observed in various economical activities that are considered especially for the public education system of a country. (Cubberley, 1916) For instance, the American educational system may also provide huge differences in terms of distribution and expenditures across the country. However, significant and noteworthy alterations have been observed in the public educational system of the United States. Over the last few years, the abovementioned theme has been a major concern of public debate at all levels. (National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1972) During the last few years, in order to get maximum funds for pubic education, different states of the US have made significant changes in public education funding system. In this regard, various experts believe that little analysis of the subject has been done in the past, and more considerations should be provided to the subject, which has an influencing effect on the education system of every country. (Rice, 1893) One of the biggest sources of public education financing is national funding system, as community wide funding system is implemented for the financing of educational activities across the country. In this regard, most of the public education financial expenses are funded at national level. In this funding system, all nationals of a country bear a substantial tax rates on income for pubic education financing. (Fitch, 1904) The important thing in this funding is that all the tax collected from individuals are funded and distributed equally among all the students, which is one of the major characteristics of a public education financing system. (Jordan, 1992) At community level, public education financing occurs at a certain community level and students receive sponsorship according to their requirements. Moreover, at community level education funding system, parents of the students support all the costs of their children’s education, which is same as private education funding. Nonetheless, at community level funding system, funding for public education is collected on behalf of communities and sorted randomly into communities contrary to perfect sorting. In this system, all contributors of the public education finance contribute same tax rate fixed by their community. Certainly, at community level, public education financing contributes a small share in overall education expenses, and this thing does not have a great impact on wide economic variable elements, such as social security benefits, etc. (National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1972) However, according to one of the experts in education, a rapid concern in the development sector has been observed in recent years, and a vital role has been played by the federal government. One of the reasons of expression of this concern is that more diversification has been observed in the capabilities of funding by the state governments. Moreover, steady increment has been observed in the mobility of these states. Lastly, the federal government has observed an important change in its perspective regarding the public education, and social welfare of the people has been given due importance during the recent years. On all the aforementioned public education-financing categories, finance education schedule is selected by agents through voting, which is carried out by either the community or federal government. It has been observed that balancing of the educational budget is performed by the provision of different taxation options to the voters by the government, and similar funding is provided according to the taxation level selected by the voters. However, it has been observed that young generation has not been given due significance by disallowing them from the voting, and education can be supported by only the voters who face the political decision.   The level of taxation is represented by a tax rate and the tax is levied on capital and labor income of all agents residing in the relevant area. When setting up the tax schedule, policy makers care only about being elected, and so they maximize the number of votes. As a result, any party in office will follow the same policy and that policy is the one that is voted for by the greatest number of agents. (Garber, 1964) During the period 2001-2002, the US spent approximately four hundred and twelve billion dollars in both elementary, as well as, secondary levels of the public education system. This budget on public education was spent with a view to declaring it the biggest single field of direct public expenditures, even beyond the national defense figures. Approximately, in the educational ground, this fund benefited around forty seven million public school students and five million of private schools. (Ana, 2004) Interestingly, per student expenditure during that period was $8,685 yearly. It has been noted by most of the experts that aforementioned budget was collected from federal, state and local sources. However, the amount spent during the year 2001-2002 on public education finance was varied form one state to another. In this regard, Connecticut was the state, which got the highest per student education funding fund, and Utah got the lowest fund for public education. In the United States, the state and the local government are responsible for public education funds. In the fiscal year of 1999, forty-nine percent of the funds for public education financing came from state appropriations in which, forty-four percent came from domestic revenue and the US federal government contributed seven percent funds for public education financing. In this regard, domestic government raised funds for education mainly through property taxes. On the other hand, for public education financing state rely on numerous funding sources such as corporate & personal income taxes, sales & excise taxes. However, public education financing from the US federal government remained constant if compare to past figures. (Jordan, 1992)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historically, with the passage of time, a constant rise has been observed in school funding from the perspective of states. In this regard, the state contributed thirty percent in 1940, which was raised by 40 and forty-nine percent in the year 1970, as well as, 1999 respectively. However, figures of each state observed substantial variations by one another. Throughout the history of public education funding, funding sources of each state varied from others, and most importantly, the tax rates such as personal and property tax rates were varied according to states. In this context, Hawaii’s funds for education mainly came from state sources, and New Mexico public education funds came from both state and domestic sources. In this regard, it has been believed by Richard W and Lindholm that the provision of education as a local responsibility has been closely related with the imposition of property tax as a local tax in the United States. Every year, all the states contribute hundreds of billions of dollars on education financing. In order to distribute collected funds among different territories, states have designed some ground elements that differentiate territories from one another, as well as, estimate the affect of those differences on the cost of furnishing educational services, and distribute funding consequently. Besides all the factors discussed above, territory wealth in school funding is one of the most important elements that distinguish one territory to another. In this context, it has been believed by some of the experts in education, such as Torres and Puiggros that overall capability for the maintenance of students, as well as, the promotion of higher education has been improved and enhanced by the public schools, in addition to increasing the equality of educational opportunities. Actually, some territories are wealthy as compare to others. In this regard, states have designed a number of fundamental funding systems that evaluate the estimation of school territories funding levels and distribute it in keeping different grounds, such as domestic differences of wealth element. Although, different states have designed different public education funding system, but one can found many similarities in school funding structure system. Under the flat grant approach, in spite of domestic particular context, every territory gets the same flat grant for each student entered in any educational institute. Obviously, in this public education funding system it ponders that the state must assure a minimal level of funding for all educatees and then gives domestic territory liberty to increase funding beyond that level as they think fit for it. During the period of 1960s and 1970s, the power equalization funding approach arose out of the work of education crusaders; actually, they were the people who observed the huge deviations among different territories in the ability to lift domestic funds ensued in education funding inequalities. (Ana, 2004) The solution was to assure all territories a standard amount of fund for each educatee for each unit of taxation. For instance, every state is liable to determine that all school territories must be able to increase hundred dollars on each student, per mill of property tax rate. In any case, where school territory’s tax base does not able to rise forty dollar per student, in this case, the state will fulfill territory’s education funds demand of equal to difference between 100 and 40, or sixty dollar per student, per mill. (Garber, 1964) However, all districts which are considered as wealthier districts and whose tax base rate rises seventy dollars per students, per mill, will only get thirty dollars per student, per mill from the state. â€Å"In this way, the state â€Å"levels the playing field† for school districts in terms of the ability to raise revenue, ensuring that funding disparities are a result of differences in taxpayer preferences, not taxpayer wealth.† Undoubtedly, this approach shows the responsibility that all states all responsible for education funding according to their wealth and resources. The funding approach of foundation plans is presently use in almost forty states. This approach integrates components of the former described two approaches. Nonetheless, every state furnishes the deviation between the totals of revenue-raised form the domestic tax and the foundation funding level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, a state can found a foundation funding level of six thousand for each student. However, in a territory having one thousand students this will reflects a total funding of six million dollars. In this regard, if the state calculates a minimal domestic tax rate of two hundred mills increased two million in domestic property taxes, the states will have to furnish an extra fund, which will equal to the deviation between two million and six million. (Richter, 1986) In this approach, if employing the two hundred-mill lower limit tax rate in a wealthier territory with the same number of educatees increased five million, in this situation, the state is bound to furnish only one million in state’s education funds. In this regard, both territories ends up with the similar domestic tax rate and the similar combined state and domestic funding point for each student, though the proportional weight of those 2 sources is different to a great extent. It can be evaluated that this approach is designed to extenuate inequalities in domestic wealth. However, it takes the idea of equality in further steps; in this approach, typically, both outcome and opportunity are taken into consideration and rates are determined with respect of varying degrees of different states. (Williams, 1980) This foundation plan has designed to keep in mind that the domestic school territories must not enjoy limitless prudence while setting funding levels that are intolerably different from other states norms. The full state-funding plan is practically an uncommon approach for funding public education funds, in this approach of public education funding; the state is responsible for all education expenses. Hawaii is completely fit for this example; Hawaii within a single school territory combines full state funding. In suggesting or deciding public education funding policies, Hawaii is capable to eliminate, any deviations occur between domestic and state governance. Interestingly, in this public education funding system, domestic authorities have no control over levels of funding. (Ana, 2004) All the four aforementioned public education-funding categories show only the fundamental structure of public education funding plans. Nevertheless, in order to collect funds for public education most of the states use schemes that joint components of some or all of these funding plans. For instance, a state may distribute some funds through a flat grant education funding approach, or other may apply foundation plan to collect public education funding. In lieu, a state has an authority to give territories permit to raise tax rates in order to collect maximum funds for public education. It can be analyzed that the prime motive behind the public education funding is to get maximum funds, which can be used, effectively in public education. According to some public education funding reformers, public education funds schemes is just a technique to give equality among taxpayers at all levels such as property and other tax burdens. Domestic property taxes such as sales and income taxes are some of the main sources of California’s pubic education funds. In addition, these collection sources are supplemented with money from the California’s state lottery, federal government and other sundry public education funds collected domestically by school territories. The following diagram represents that how the public education funds were collected in California during the period of 2002-2003. K-12 Funding Comes From Five Sources (Ana, 2004) State Aid State aid collected mostly from California’s sales and income taxes. Property Taxes During the period of 2005-2006, property taxes were collected domestically and distributed to all schools through a formula determined by state.   Federal Aid Federal aid was appropriated for some especial purposes such as special children’s education, child nutrition programmes, child left behind programmes and so forth. Domestic Miscellaneous   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Domestic miscellaneous funds included, interest income, revenue generated from domestic parcel tax elections, communality contributions and so on. Lottery California state lottery funds were collected on behalf of public education funds on per student basis. Proposition 98 Proposition 98, the provisions of a voter initiative, this law define the responsibility of each state, under this rule every state is bound to contribute in K-12 community and education colleges. This public education funding contains both domestic property tax revenues and state monies. As far as amount of guarantee is concerned, it is determined by using a set of formulas dictated by law. Since the year 1988, one of the most crucial factors for the determination of amount of revenue received by the public schools is the calculation of the minimum guarantee, because of the passage of Proposition 98. In addition, proposition ninety-eight insures a minimal level of funding for public education. Proposition ninety-eight funds represents about eight dollar out of every ten dollar apportioned to K-12 education in California. As mentioned above, California’s public education funds, other sources include domestic sundry resources, federal government, and lottery, which shared twenty percent in Public education funds.   (Williams, 1980) Legally speaking, a minimum of thirty-four of the receipts from the California state lottery should have to be allocated to public educational institutes. Moreover, the apportioned money for each student basis, should have to be used only for instructional uses and not for research and development (R&D) purposes. In the year 2000, Proposition 20 was approved and accepted by the voters, which required that instructional materials should be considered and given due importance by half of any increment in the share of revenue collected from the lottery for the education. For the year 2005, as well as, 2006, approximately $146 per pupil was received by the districts from the above-mentioned source, from which, instructional materials were bought by roughly $25 from the total amount per student. The domestic sundry category of funds per annum shows about six percent of entire revenue collected for K-12 schools. Moreover, this public education funding was separate from domestic tax incomes the state control. It came from the sources that were domestically administered, that income generated from cafeteria sales, income from lease, income from sale of territory property and so forth. Interestingly, for less than twenty percent territory in the state, a significant source of domestic sundry income was the voter-approved domestic parcel taxes. In reality, these were some of the special types of property taxes, which were not related to the value of property. Nonetheless, according to some of the experts, one of the most important policies on the domestic level is the education system in the United States. The implementation of American ideology in the lives of American people is represented by the education system of the country, and due significance should be provided in this regard, which has been given in the past, and must be given in the coming years. (Hutchins, 1961) In the United States, both government and public are expecting a lot from educational institutions like school and colleges. In the past, educational institutes were being gainsaid to fit the demand of a country’s economy that is increasingly oriented towards knowledge in all respects and information skills. (Hutchins, 1961) At both federal and state level, present American legislative has made some changes in educational funding system and have created some new systems that will test educational institutes’ teachers’ and students’ performance. In the light of present ongoing changes in public education financing system, many experts have already said that these ongoing policies will advance education level. Conclusively, the paper has tried to study different aspects and perspectives of public education system across the world, and specifically, in the United States. It was noted during the paper that during the last few years, in order to get maximum funds for pubic education, different states of the US have made significant changes in public education funding system. Every year, all the states contribute hundreds of billions of dollars on education financing. Moreover, various features of the government financing on the federal, state, as well as, community level were discussed in the paper. Lastly, different characteristics related to the funding of the education system in the country were studied and evaluated during the paper, which will support the better understanding of its funding by the students, experts, and policy makers in the future.   References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kenneth Forbis Jordan. (1992). Financing Public Education in an Era of Change. Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   National Association of Secondary School Principals. (1972). 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